Dream: Electrical Engineering and Hard Work

Some people may say that dreams are hard to follow and it's impossible to be able to achieve them. But, that's actually not true. The fact is that dreams are the most amazing things in life; we all love to dream, love to hope and love to see our dreams come true. Our dreams are in our hands. We are the ones who control them; we are the ones who can make them either come true or not. In the article â€Å"A Vision of Stars, Grounded in the Dust of Rural Indian,† Somini Sengupta talks about Anupam Kumar, an Indian boy who lives and grows up in a poor family but has a big dream. He wants to works at NASA. In the article, the author describes the road to fulfill his dream as well as the difficulties he met such as poverty, difficulty gaining acceptance to go to college, the intensity of competition, and his failure on the first exam. However, Anupam never gives up on his dream and finally achieves his dream with his own determination and hard work as well as support from his parents and his teacher. Like Anupam, I also have my own dreams. My dream is to become a computer engineer because I love technology and I believe that in the future, computers will become indispensable to human life. I will definitely reach my dream because of the support from my mother, my determination and my passion for computers. I will reach my goal thanks to the support from my mother. When I was a child, I was introverted. I hardly left the house and often spent my time in boredom, I did not have a goal and I also did not know what kind of person I would be in the future. Despite all of this, my mother is a person who changed me and helped me determine a goal of my life. My mother is the first person who realized my passion for computers. Whenever we went to my uncle’s house, I always asked him to teach me how to use his computer. At the time, I did not realize that I loved to study computers so much. I thought it was just because of my curiosity, but my mother did not. She saw through my heart and she knew what I needed. Living in Vietnam, computers were outrageously expensive, but my mother worked very hard in other to give me a chance to a new world of technology. Since I have my own computer which I got as a result of a lot of sweat and hard work by of my mother, I feel like a fish returned to the ocean. I became a new person. I studied hard and got good grades and my life became more interesting because I have more friends not only in Vietnam but also all over the world. I think that my life wouldn’t turn a new page if I did not receive my mother’s support. Therefore, I always try my best to reach my dream and deserve my mother’s faith. Determination is one of my qualities which will help me reach my goal and one of the aspects of determination is hard work. I still remember the hard time I had when I tried to use a computer the first time. It was written in English and at that time, English was one of the courses I hated the most in school. But I liked computers more than anything else, so that I decided to study seriously. Every day, I tried to remember and understand ten computer’s vocabulary words. I tried to read book in English one page or two pages a day. That really was a hard time for me. It took me hours to complete two pages with help from a dictionary and I followed it day by day. After three months, I could read more than five pages in an hour because I knew more vocabulary than before. My computer skill also got better and I really enjoyed it. Another aspect of determination is persistence. Persistent people will not give up the things they follow or they believe in even if in front of them are a lot of difficulties. I am one a persistent person. For example, when I was in college, I had a difficult time with a programming course; it was too new for me. I could not understand at all and for that result I got only three points (out of 10) on the first exam. I wasn’t the only one who did badly; almost seventy percent of the students had the same grade like me. For that reason, almost half of the students gave up on that course after two months. But I did not give up so easily. I tried to understand and remember lessons in class. After school, I read a book, practiced at home on the material which our teacher showed us, and read the next lesson for the next day so that when I had a question, I could ask my teacher immediately. I believe that I can do better if I follow the things I believe in. Finally, I passed that course with 8. 5/10 on the final exam, whereas others students had to study again for the next semester. I think that hard work and persistence will still help me in the road to fulfill my dream. Passion for computers is also one of my qualities which will help me reach my goal. Since I knew how interesting computers are. I was excited by this machine. I had so many questions about this machine. I wondered how one machine could do so many things. However, computers were very expensive in the past; it was only for rich people and my family could afford it. My dream looked like impossible at that time, but the passion for computers in me did not let me stop thinking about it and it helped me believe in the future that I will have my own computer. The hope of having my own computer followed me in two years and finally my mother helped me make it come true. Since I have gotten my own computer, I have begun studying seriously; I knew what my dream is and what I need to do to make it come true. I borrowed books from my uncle and read it when I have free time. When I had a problem with my computer, I tried to fix it, but it was useless. My mother had to hire a computer engineer to fix it, and at that time fixing computer was very expensive. Therefore, I learned how to fix the computer by watching the engineer so that I will be able to do this myself in the future. Now, I am learning computers in the U. S. where the first computer was born. I believe that if we really love something we can achieve it by passion and hope. After read the article about Anupam Kumar and the road to fulfill his dream, I have more confident, hope, and power to make my dream come true. I am deeply gratitude my mother who did everything for me so that I have more opportunity to accomplish my dream. My experience with computers has taught me to be patient and persistent and never to give up. This is a lesson I can apply throughout my life – not just for computers.

Accounting Hw

House of Organs, Inc. , purchases organs from a well-known manufacturer and sells them at the retail level. The organs sell, on the average, for $2,500 each. The average cost of an organ from the manufacturer is $1,500. House of Organs, Inc. , has always kept careful records of its costs. The costs that the company incurs in a typical month are presented below in the form of a spreadsheet: Costs Cost Formula Selling: Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $950 per month Delivery of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $60 per organ sold Sales salaries and commissions . . . . . . . . . $4,800 per month, plus 4% of sales Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $650 per month Depreciation of sales facilities . . . . . . . . . . $5,000 per month Administrative: Executive salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,500 per month Depreciation of office equipment . . . . . . . $900 per month Clerical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,500 per month, plus $40 per organ sold Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $700 per month During November, the company sold and delivered 60 organs. Required: 1. Prepare an income statement for November using the traditional format with costs organized by function. 2. Redo (1) above, this time using the contribution format with costs organized by behavior. Show costs and revenues on both a total and a per unit basis down through contribution margin. 3. Refer to the income statement you prepared in (2) above.Why might it be misleading to show the fixed costs on a per unit basis? SOLUTION 1. | |House Of Organs, Inc. | | |Income Statement | | |For the Month Ended November 30 | | | | | | | |Sales (60 organs ? 2,500 per organ) | |$150,000 | | |Cost of goods sold | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  90,000 | | |(60 organs ? 1,500 per organ) | | | | |Gross margin | |60,000 | | |Selling and administrative expenses: | | | | |Selling expenses: | | | | |Adv ertising |$  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  950 | | | |Delivery of organs |3,600 | | | |(60 organs ? $60 per organ) | | | | |Sales salaries and commissions |10,800 | | | |[$4,800 + (4% ? 150,000)] | | | | |Utilities |650 | | | |Depreciation of sales facilities |  Ã‚  Ã‚  5,000 | | | |Total selling expenses |  21,000 | | | |Administrative expenses: | | | | |Executive salaries |13,500 | | | |Depreciation of office equipment |900 | | | |Clerical |4,900 | | | |[$2,500 + (60 organs ? 40 per organ)] | | | | |Insurance |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  700 | | | |Total administrative expenses |  20,000 | | | |Total selling and administrative expenses | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  41,000 | | |Net operating income | |$? 19,000 | |2. | | | |House Of Organs, Inc. | |Income Statement | | |For the Month Ended November 30 | | | | | | | | |Total |Per Unit | | |Sales (60 organs ? $2,500 per organ) |$150,000 |$2,500 | | |Variable expenses: | | | | |Cost of goods sold |90,000 |1,500 | | |(60 organs ? 1,500 per organ) | | | | |D elivery of organs |3,600 |60 | | |(60 organs ? $60 per organ) | | | | |Sales commissions (4% ? $150,000) |6,000 |100 | | |Clerical (60 organs ? $40 per organ) |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,400 |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40 | |Total variable expenses |  102,000 |  1,700 | | |Contribution margin |  Ã‚  48,000 |$  Ã‚  800 | | |Fixed expenses: | | | | |Advertising |950 | | | |Sales salaries |4,800 | | | |Utilities |650 | | | |Depreciation of sales facilities |5,000 | | | |Executive salaries |13,500 | | | |Depreciation of office equipment |900 | | | |Clerical |2,500 | | | |Insurance |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  700 | | | |Total fixed expenses |  Ã‚  Ã‚  29,000 | | | |Net operating income |$  19,000 | | 3. Fixed costs remain constant in total but vary on a per unit basis with changes in the activity level. For example, as the activity level increases, fixed costs decrease on a per unit basis. Showing fixed costs on a per unit basis on the income statement make them appear to be variable costs. That is, management might be misled into thinking that the per unit fixed costs would be the same regardless of how many organs were sold during the month. For this reason, fixed costs should be shown only in totals on a contribution-type income statement.

Achievement Motivation Essay Example for Free

Achievement Motivation Essay ? What is it? This links personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual. Its main focus is the extent to which an individual is motivated to attain success. Some Theories about it   Murray (1938) indicated that it was natural for individual to strive to surpass another (genetically) like trait. Bandura (1977) believed that a competitive drive was a product of learning (social learning). Atkinson and McCelland (1976) has the view of an interactionist and predicts achievement motivation is generated through a combination of personality and situation factors. Atkinson and McCelland view of achievement motivation as a personality trait which is activated by a situation, the situation comprises the probability of success and the incentive value of success. -Probability of success;the extent to which success is likely;For example success is more likely of the task is found by the individual to be easy. -Incentive value of success;the incentive value experienced by the individual after success-been achieved. For example the harder the task the greater will be the incentive value because the probability of success is reduced. There are two personality types to determine achievement motivation and these are; Linked with the low need to avoid failure (Low Naf). With these characteristic, desire to succeed overcomes the fear of failure. These performers=high in achievement motivation (high achievers) 2.Low need to achieve (Low Nach) Also linked with high need to avoid failure (High Naf). These characteristics the fear of failure overcome the desire to success. These performers=low in achievement motivation (low achievers) Characteristics of high and low achievement motivation personality traits. High Nach Personality Characteristics Low Nach personality characteristics High need to achieve Low need to achieve Low need to avoid failure High need to avoid failure Approach behaviour is adopted Avoidance behaviour is adopted Challenges is accepted Challenges is rejected Risks are undertaken Risks are declined Shows persistence and perseverance when task is difficult Curtails effort when task is difficult Success tends to be attributed to external factors Failure tends to be attributed to internal factors Failure is seen as a route to success Failure is seen as the route to further failure Aspire to mastery orientation Adopt learned helpessness Approach behaviour-describes behaviour that accepts a challenge Avoidance behaviour-describes behaviour that rejects a challenge Attribution-The process that predict reasons for success or failure Mastery Orientation-The strong motive to succeed found in the high achievement. This type of person will expect to succeed but will persist when failure is experienced Learned helplessness-The belief that failure is inevitable and that the individual has no control over the factors that cause failure. Their theory of achievement motivation is best at predicting behavioural responses in situations where there is a 50/50 chance of success. This will trigger motivation for those performers with high achievement traits=likely  to display approach behaviour and mastery orientation characteristics in these circumstances. Incentive value=high when chance is evenly balanced. In contrast to performers who show low achievement motivation would experience greatest anxiety in situations with a 50/50 chance of success— later adopt avoidance behaviour and experience learned helplessness. Approach or avoidance behaviours likely to arise when in a evaluative situation=Situation in which an individual believes they are being assessed. 1.Achievement or success can interpreted in many ways. Some performers regard success as victory over others. For example a long jump athlete winning an event. These people are said to have ego goal orientation. Those with this believe that ability and comparison over others=criteria for success. 2.Others judge on the basis of person improvement in a given task-For example a second long jump athlete may view success as the achievement of an improved performance. These people are said to have task orientation. Those with the task orientation value internal goals and believe that effort and comparison with self=criteria for success. Sport Specific Achievement Motivation(Competitiveness) Competitiveness in this context means- motivation to achieve in sport. Gill and Deeter (1988), using their own test called the ‘Sport Orientation Questionnaire’ (SOQ), confirmed that athletes were far more competitive than non-athletes. As as statement, this would appear obvious. Evidence of greater significance-athletes favoured performance goals (task orientation) while non-athletes emphasised the importance of winning (ego orientation) The type of goal set by the teacher as the measure of success in sport-related activities has, therefore, a significant influence upon the decision to adopt and sustain an active and healthy lifestyle. The important association between sport-specific motivation (competitiveness), confidence and goal setting. Achievement Motivation. (2016, May 10).

Perspectives on Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perspectives on Culture - Essay Example societies, widely grouped into Nilotic, Bantus and Cushitic, cultural diversity is widely evident in day-to-day life .Different cultures are accompanied by unique customs and norms, some surprising and shocking while others are common to all the cultures. Norms refer to particular rules concerning right and wrong in a society while customs are the society’s practices (Tierney, 2007).   Many elements of culture and diversity such as aesthetics, ceremony, ethics, health and medicine, gender roles, folk myths, religion and spirituality, gestures, grooming, sexuality, taboos and ownership differ among societies. Gender roles, for example, differ greatly among these societies. The Maasai-a Nilotic tribe mainly comprising nomadic pastoralists, surprisingly assign the role of building houses and cooking to women in their community whereas men are expected to protect the community and look after livestock. This is not the case with the kikuyu (a Bantu community) or luo (Nilotic) and many other cultures where houses are built by men. Religion and Spirituality, including purpose in life, the possibility and type of afterlife also has great diversity among various societies. Each society has a unique ‘god’ that they worship and believe in. The gods have different names and are believed to reside in specific places where they can be worshiped and consulted at specific times. The kikuyu community for example believes their god-ngai, lives a mountain so they face this specific mountain during worship. Another surprising variation in element of culture among the Maasai is evident in their status- attitudes and behaviors related to people of different rank like age, wealth, office or fame. This community considers keeping more livestock and having more children a sign of wealth, the more a person has the wealthier he is. Living among these communities requires knowledge of their language and acclimatize to their food. Language is a set of  shared symbols that

Book review on the book Consumer Guide to hypnotism Essay

Book review on the book Consumer Guide to hypnotism - Essay Example The book is not intended for experts, so the reader doesn’t have to worry about having a background in theory and can find a basic book that covers the basic definitions of hypnotism, its benefits, its history, and the various controversies which have surrounded it. After reading Damon’s guide, the reader won’t know all there is to know on the subject, but they will certainly be better informed than when they began, and will hopefully have many of their misconceptions cleared up. The book works as an effective introduction of different methodologies used to place individuals under a state of hypnosis, as well as different reasons that people seek hypnosis and hypnotherapy. For example, many people use hypnotism to quit smoking, and the guide has a definitive text on this. Still others use the process to lose weight, and duly this subject is also covered in one of Damon’s fifty guides, each written by an expert writer or professional in the field of hypnosis. More controversial aspects of hypnosis are included as well, which still have many skeptics wondering. Some of these aspects include the idea of channeling past lives or incarnations, fighting cancer, interpreting dreams, and other subjects that are less widely accepted . This guide runs the gamut from widely accepted notions of hypnotism, such as how the process is used in sports psychology, to more specialized aspects, such as age regression therapy. A holistic and comprehensive manual is provided by this editor. The fifty pieces in the book do not require a doctorate degree to understand, and are also accessible to someone who doesn’t even have any background in hypnosis. In this book, the authors provide a thoughtful, literate, and articulate reckoning of the various parts of hypnotism and hypnotherapy as well as discussion, as they are presented in the reviewed text by Damon, the editor. The authors blend

The Long-Term Significance of the Vietnam War Essay

The Long-Term Significance of the Vietnam War - Essay Example The North Vietnamese Army, Vietnam people's army adopted a more traditional war at times using bigger units than the Viet Cong (Bedford/St Martin's 2009, 15). The United States and South Vietnamese armies depended on air control and overwhelming weapons to carry out search and destroy actions, involving artillery, ground forces, and airstrikes. This paper will discuss why the Vietnam War was significant and why America lost this battle. â€Å"Americans considered the Vietnam War as one of the most critical time of the United States history† (Hub Pages 2010, 1). It was an injury to the U.S spirit, which, regardless of the devastating Korean War, might still have brought a straightforward feeling of triumph in having met, as well as dominated, the opponent in the Second World War. The intransigency of general after general, president after president, and the hopeless extremes to which the United States army went to win in Vietnam can be illustrated in the harsh Operation Ranch H and. This was whereby thousands of gallons of herbicides, jointly known as Agent Orange, were applied in defoliating large binds of forest terrain that hid the rival’s armies. ... â€Å"The Vietnam War took the globe in an exceptional course† (Chambers 2011, 10). Those ten years, 1962 to 1972, which the United States battled in Vietnam acted like a pressure liberation valve. â€Å"The war allowed streams to bleed off making the world’s pressures ease, as well as preventing a much superior war from happening† (Chambers 2011, 10). The United States’ original tactic of fighting the enemy was at the border. The tactic worked most of the times. The War, however, bought the world time. The United States’ existence gave time required for a majority of severe leaders behind the warfare, such as USSR's Nikita Khrushchev, China's Mao, and some of U.S's old guard to lose their power. Time developed into the factor that tipped the stability of power all across the globe in favor of essential reformers like Boris Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev, who supported democratic power. â€Å"Time also helped in moving the Soviet citizens from the o ld and severe rule of the socialist state† (Chambers 2011, 10). After six months, nearly half million East Germans brought down the Berlin Wall. This was followed by the end of every Eastern European communist government, one after the other. â€Å"The United States lost the Vietnam War due to its foreign policy† (Shrinkermd 2008, 1). Their foreign policy was to stop, instead of getting rid of Communism. America would have been capable of destroying Communism many different times such as during the Korean War. â€Å"However, the American leaders did not want to eradicate Communism since it would make the Americans look like an Empire again such as the Philippines of the Spanish American warfare† (Shrinkermd 2008, 1). America lost the battle due to forfeit.

Evaluating Assessment Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evaluating Assessment - Research Proposal Example The person being assessed also needs to know how the scoring is done, with respect to the criteria chosen and the important of each criterion for the overall score. This is because "learning increaseswhen learners have a sense of what they are setting out to learn, a statement of explicit standards they must meet and a way of seeing what they have learned" (Loacker, Cromwell & O'Brien, 1986) The assessment will be done as part of the ongoing daily work of the person concerned. We will select a meeting that the person is to lead, for a nominal period of 45 - 60 minutes. We will evaluate the person's performance in speaking confidently to others on the following basis: What external signs of confidence does the person show (rated on a level from one to five, where one is none and five is excellent - if however the person overdoes it, then assessors should subtract points accordingly) These points carry equal weight as each one is important to convey confidence while talking to other people. The assessment will be shared with the person concerned afterwards. Knowledge of the assessors' view point will help the person understand the relationship between the way he/she thinks that he/she replies to these criteria and the way that his/her performance is assessed by others. Assessing effective working in a team requires a longer term approach for the assessment. An attempt to measure this by an assessment of very short duration would run the risk of being unrepresentative of the person's performance. For these reasons we chose the portfolio assessment which has the characteristic of being an ongoing, rather than an episodic assessment (AAHE, 1996). In addition to this, completing the portfolio assessment becomes part of the learning process for the person concerned where the goal is as much to affect the learner's growth, instead of just passively measuring it (Courts & McInerney, 1993). The portfolio assessment will be done over a period of time (2 months) and will correspond to stated criteria against which the person being assessed and the assessors have agreed. The person puts together the portfolio with information that demonstrates how he or she works effectively within a team. The portfolio is shown regularly to the assessors as well. At the end of the 2 months, the assessors will review the portfolio with the person to assess the performance of the person concerned on the following basis: evidence of a particular role or function taken on by the person within the context

Survey Design and Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Survey Design and Analysis - Coursework Example (i) Correctness of arguments used in explanations. (75%) (ii) Clarity of arguments used in explanations. (25%) The accuracy of confidence interval calculated from survey data increases as the survey's sample size increases because the standard error involved in survey data is inversely proportional to the sample size and as the sample size increases, standard error decreases and hence the accuracy of confidence interval increases so that the sample mean approaches more close to the population mean in probability (ie. consistency improves to great extent). For example if the confidence interval is wider enough ie.99% there is a high confidence of the population mean falling into the confidence interval rather than 95% confidence interval. Here the Sample Mean plus or minus 2 times the Standard Error is the confidence interval and it leads to prediction of population mean with 95% confidence where it is called as 2sigmal limits. Whenever the confidence interval is widening as much as possible, it has high probability of including the population mean. This section reserved for feedback from tutor Mark: [XX] out of 10 Comment: Part Two In the box below, give recommendations as to when stratified sampling can be useful when conducting a survey. (10 marks) Marks will be awarded according to the following criteria. (i) Correctness of arguments used in recommendations. ... When stratification is done the within sample variance will decrease and the accuracy improves to a considerable extent. The stratification can be according to geographic constraint, economic consideration, educational consideration and the stratification reduces the sample variance. The stratification can be accompanied by cost or without cost. When it is done proportional to the population size, it is called Neyman allocation. When the cost constraint is involved, the cost per stratum should be proportional to the inverse of the variance. The cost per stratum is ch and the stratum variance is Sh. Within each stratum we have to adopt to sampling (simple random sampling) and compute the stratum mean or variance. Stratification leads to reduction in the population variance when compared to other sampling methods viz. systematic sampling and simple random sampling. This section reserved for feedback from tutor Mark: [XX] out of 10 Comment: Part Three In the box below, give recommendat ions as to when cluster sampling can be useful when conducting a survey. (10 marks) Marks will be awarded according to the following criteria. (i) Correctness of arguments used in recommendations. (75%) (ii) Clarity of arguments used in recommendations. (25%) Cluster sampling can be useful when the sample size is equal among different sampling methods. It is widely used in marketing research where a huge population is divided into groups (clusters) and a sample of the groups is selected. After selecting groups, subsamples from each group forms the sample for this type of sampling. For a given stipulated expenses, it gives large sample size. Cluster sampling can be one stage cluster sampling, two stage cluster sampling or multi stage cluster sampling. For example consider sampling

Should professional sports stadiums be funded with public money Essay

Should professional sports stadiums be funded with public money - Essay Example The reasons presented in support of such doings is that building of stadiums leads to increased employment opportunities, increased tax, and revenues hence boosting the local and the regional economies. Additionally, supporters of public funding argue that projects aimed at building stadiums encourage revitalization of cities that could be facing economic challenges. Proponents of public funding for stadiums argue that stadiums bring a sense of pride and add to the city’s prestige, which they claim to be important. As opposed to this believe, professional stadiums construction end up using more resources than the returns obtained. The projects results in unprecedented taxes in addition to usage of both municipal and county resource with little economic benefit in return. This paper argues that professional sports stadiums, which major sports leagues can easily afford to construct, should not be funded with public money as it affects taxpayers, brings them little real benefit, and takes away public money from more important projects. Irrespective of the owners of major leagues in the United States being extremely rich, they keep turning back to the government for funding whenever they want to build a stadium. The four major leagues that have in the past demanded for public funding to build stadium include National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Major League Baseball (MLB).1 The above named leagues are currently using stadiums that either have been constructed or refurbished with public funds. The argument that the public should fund such projects became popular particularly in the 1990’s from when approximately $30 billion of taxpayers’ money has been used in construction and renovation of professional sports stadiums. It is so demeaning when some of the richest persons in the American society require to be funded by the public, which requires that the costs be born e by taxpayers. 2 This is irrespective of the fact that the owners of the leagues end up being the chief beneficiaries after the completion of the projects. Most members of the public end up paying increased taxes. However, they are aware that they will never reap any benefits from the projects.3 A number of arguments are given by proponents of public funding professional stadiums, the main one being that stadiums help increase the value of franchises. On the contrary, the benefits associated with increased value of franchises are too minimal compared to the expenses incurred in both construction and maintenance of the stadiums. Asking the public to fund professional stadiums, which are privately owned, is equivalent to using public money for personal or private gain. This is because the league or team owners pocket the income gained directly from the use of the stadiums. The players might reap benefits form increased league income, but the taxpayer who funds the stadium does not ge t even a dime from the incomes realized.4 Additionally, the argument that sports stadiums boost the economy of states and cities is unsubstantiated. On the contrary, stadiums do not create any new wealth but they just facilitate redistribution of the revenues gained from entertainment. If there are any economic benefits, they are negligible and profit just a few people while taxes affect almost all people. The costs of putting up a stadium outweigh the benefits. As opposed to what proponents of pub

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Historians describe the 1962 crisis as a tripartite affair between Cuba, Soviet Union and America. Each country had the power or the probability of affecting the outcome of the crisis in any way it deemed fit. However, contrary to numerous beliefs on the crisis, Cuba was alone as it could not count on the support of the Soviet Union for long. Worse still, Cuba was continually threatened by America; thus, Cuba’s approach was to support radical movements across Africa, Asia, and Latin America to progress a league of like-minded nations. To Cubans the 1962 crisis dates back in 1959 when the Cuban uprising occurred without any Soviet aid. During the Bays of Pigs incursion in 1961, Fidel Castro termed the revolution socialist since the country believed that America was intent on obliterating the uprising. This led to the fear of a U.S. incursion; thus, Cuba looked for ways to defend itself. Cubans attest that the countries did not resolve the crisis amongst themselves since America’s aim of destroying the Cuban rebellion continued even after the October crisis wherein the Soviet Union agreed to America’s demand. The crisis, fought from three main fronts may have instigated a nuclear war. However, several actions and counter-actions ensured that the crisis did not blow to a full blown war. In this regards, Cuba played an important role during the entire crisis. The Cubans saw the Cuban Rebellion as the main cause of the crisis although the Soviet and America thought otherwise. The evaluation of the crisis provides alternative and comprehensive outlook of the causes, impacts, and issues surrounding the crisis from the Cuban standpoint. This led to the fear of a U.S. incursion; thus, Cuba looked for ways to defend itself. Cubans attest that the countries did not resolve the crisis amongst themselves since America’s aim of destroying the Cuban rebellion continued even after the October crisis wherein the Soviet Union agreed to America’s demand. The crisis, fought from three main fronts may have instigated a nuclear war. However, several actions and counter-actions ensured that the crisis did not blow to a full blown war. In this regards, Cuba played an important role during the entire crisis. The Cubans saw the Cuban Rebellion as the main cause of the crisis although the Soviet and America thought otherwise. The evaluation of the crisis provides alternative and comprehensive outlook of the causes, impacts, and issues surrounding the crisis from the Cuban standpoint. Background               The Cuban Crisis of 1962 was the most significant incident of the Cold War.  Ã‚  Ã‚  For 13 days, the America and the Soviet went at each other’s stand on superiority in a period crisis that almost created a nuclear war.  Ã‚  Inexorably, chronological assessments of the Crisis center on the power struggle between the Soviet and America.  Ã‚  Infrequently, people do not consider it indispensable or essential to regard Cuba as a main actor of the crisis. Therefore, to entirely appreciate and comprehend the lessons of the Crisis,  it is essential to value Cubas role in the predicament.  Ã‚  More significantly, though, as the Cold War fades and the world takes shape of a new order, the significance of comprehending the events of the crisis and the main antagonists of the crisis to construct upon the current view of the world and prepare for future crisis becomes more imperative.  Ã‚  Abiding amid those actors, subsequently,  is Cuba.  Ã‚  Ev en though now obviously missing Soviet martial services and financial support, Cuba, today remains a region of significant to America general defense interests.  Ã‚  In this regards, providing an imperative foundation of literary information on the crisis, a link between Cuba and America relations, and the military oppression or missiles predicaments following the crisis may offer future intuition on America’s intent during the crisis. More significantly, though, as the Cold War fades and the world takes shape of a new order, the significance of comprehending the events of the crisis and the main antagonists of the crisis to construct upon the current view of the world and prepare for future crisis becomes more imperative.  Ã‚  Abiding amid those actors, subsequently,  is Cuba.  Ã‚  Even though now obviously missing Soviet martial services and financial support, Cuba, today remains a region of significant to America general defense interests.  Ã‚  In this regards, providing an imperative foundation of literary information on the crisis, a link between Cuba and America relations, and the military oppression or missiles predicaments following the crisis may offer future intuition on America’s intent during the crisis. Discussion             The crisis involved three main countries i.e. America, Cuba, and the Soviet Union. However other countries such as Turkey and Germany were indirectly involved in the crisis. At the occurrence of the predicament, America and the Soviet were the most significant and deterministic countries. The Soviet sough to help Cuba fight off an impending invasion by America as a result of Cuba’s stand in socialists views. Later, Khrushchev termed the missiles as protective precautions against any invasion. Kennedy administration’s disinclination to admit to the status quo in Cuba may have caused the crisis. Unwaveringly disparate to Castro, Kennedy’s administration ordered an ill-fated incursion of Cuba by anti-Castro expatriates in 1961 April. Following the â€Å"Bay of Pigs† debacle, the CIA sought to murder Castro and backed clandestine operations against Cuba. In addition, America’s Department of State ordered a monetary and opinionated em bargo of the country while the Pentagon prepared a full-blown incursion of Cuba. On the other hand, the Soviet Union had become intensely engaged to the Castro regime since 1960, and it was pleased with Cuba’s call for socialism. In fact, Khrushchev viewed Castro as modern Lenin; thus, he knew he was doing something important to liberate Cuba. Cuba knew that Operation Mongoose was meant to destabilize the country and overturn the gains that the country had made over the years; thus, the country was prepared to fight any America’s invasion tactics. In fact, Cuba guessed correctly that the preparations of Pentagon, CIA, and Department of State were preparations for Kennedy administration’s disinclination to admit to the status quo in Cuba may have caused the crisis. Unwaveringly disparate to Castro, Kennedy’s administration ordered an ill-fated incursion of Cuba by anti-Castro expatriates in 1961 April. Following the â€Å"Bay of Pigs† debacle, the CIA sought to murder Castro and backed clandestine operations against Cuba. In addition, America’s Department of State ordered a monetary and opinionated embargo of the country while the Pentagon prepared a full-blown incursion of Cuba. On the other hand, the Soviet Union had become intensely engaged to the Castro regime since 1960, and it was pleased with Cuba’s call for socialism. In fact, Khrushchev viewed Castro as modern Lenin; thus, he knew he was doing something important to liberate Cuba. Cuba knew that Operation Mongoose was meant to destabilize the country and overturn the gains that the country had made over the years; thus, the country was prepared to fi ght any America’s invasion tactics. In fact, Cuba guessed correctly that the preparations of Pentagon, CIA, and Department of State were preparations for On the other hand, the Soviet Union had become intensely engaged to the Castro regime since 1960, and it was pleased with Cuba’s call for socialism. In fact, Khrushchev viewed Castro as modern Lenin; thus, he knew he was doing something important to liberate Cuba. Cuba knew that Operation Mongoose was meant to destabilize the country and overturn the gains that the country had made over the years; thus, the country was prepared to fight any America’s invasion tactics. In fact, Cuba guessed correctly that the preparations of Pentagon, CIA, and Department of State were preparations for future assault on the Cuban soil. In this regards, Cuba acknowledged the Soviet strategy to mount missiles in May of 1962 to prevent any America assault. Furthermore, the installation of the missiles meant that Cuba would become a de facto partner of the Soviet Union. Since America’s estimation of armed Cuban was 100,000, Cuba planed to stage a surprise; thus, had about 270,000 armed Cubans by October 22, 1962. Cuba knew that Kennedy’s administration would not honor its pledge of not invading Cuba; thus, called on the Soviet Union not to withdraw its bombers from Cuba. However, Khrushchev agreed to Kennedy’s terms, which persuaded Cuba that it could not rely on the Soviet Union any longer. In this regards, Cubans saw the crisis as lasting for 6 years during which tension existed between the country and America. In fact, Castro’s administration asserted that the crisis was never resolved amicably. Although the countries realized peace, the aim of the crisis continued to dissipate i.e. America’s aim to destroy the Cuban rebellion continued; thus, according to Cubans, the crisis never ended. Since America’s estimation of armed Cuban was 100,000, Cuba planed to stage a surprise; thus, had about 270,000 armed Cubans by October 22, 1962. Cuba knew that Kennedy’s administration would not honor its pledge of not invading Cuba; thus, called on the Soviet Union not to withdraw its bombers from Cuba. However, Khrushchev agreed to Kennedy’s terms, which persuaded Cuba that it could not rely on the Soviet Union any longer. In this regards, Cubans saw the crisis as lasting for 6 years during which tension existed between the country and America. In fact, Castro’s administration asserted that the crisis was never resolved amicably. Although the countries realized peace, the aim of the crisis continued to dissipate i.e. America’s aim to destroy the Cuban rebellion continued; thus, according to Cubans, the crisis never ended.             Historians have accorded Cuba little regard concerning the crisis even if though they were the main antagonists to the crisis. In fact, were it not for the Cuban Rebellion, America would not have shown an outstanding interest to invade Cuba. Analysts should give credibility to the assertion that both Cuba and the Soviet Union observed the missiles as a restraint against America’s incursion. Although Cuba did not have a missiles; thus, its negligible powers to affect the outcome of the crisis, analysts fail to address the Cuban Rebellion as a key deterrent to any invasion. In fact, the fact that an amicable resolution did not emanate reveals Cuba’s significant to the crisis. More often, historians see Cuba as a colony of the Soviet Union in the crisis; hence, it only acted on the Soviet Union’s powers. However, the Soviet’s agreement to America’s terms after the crisis 13 days demonstrates that Cuba was not an outpost of any count ry. In fact, Cuba was an antagonist of both the Soviet and America. Cuba affected the history the crisis through many aspects of its socialist ideas and the rebellion, and although the countries did not resolve the crisis amicably, facts show that Cuba’s motives, actions, insights, and behaviors during the three stages of the crisis i.e. October 22, October 22 to 28, and October 28 to November 20. More often, historians see Cuba as a colony of the Soviet Union in the crisis; hence, it only acted on the Soviet Union’s powers. However, the Soviet’s agreement to America’s terms after the crisis 13 days demonstrates that Cuba was not an outpost of any country. In fact, Cuba was an antagonist of both the Soviet and America. Cuba affected the history the crisis through many aspects of its socialist ideas and the rebellion, and although the countries did not resolve the crisis amicably, facts show that Cuba’s motives, actions, insights, and behaviors during the three stages of the crisis i.e. October 22, October 22 to 28, and October 28 to November 20.          People view the Missile predicament as the pinnacle of the Cold War albeit it was only 13-days long to America and the Soviet Union. Cuba sought out support from the Soviet Union as a result of the imminent America’s invasion of Cuba, and the Soviets installed missiles all over Cuba. America viewed this as an intimidation from the Soviet Union wherein she prepared for the invasion with economic embargoes on Cuba and plans to assassinate Castro. However, after 13 days of plans and predicaments, America and the Soviet came to an agreement that saw the Soviet withdraw its missiles from Cuba. This left Cuba at a crossroad on the permanence of the crisis since its standoff with America remained. On the other hand, following the agreement America and the Soviet were cautious of using missiles during the entire period to the end of the Cold War. Cubans do not relate the crisis to the Cold war; thus, the difference in thinking between the primary viewpoint on the crisis and Cubans’ viewpoint. Before 1962 October 22          Between 1898 and 1959 America and Cuba were allies. However, after Castro took authority from Fulgencio Batista America cultivated enmity with Cuba that saw several embargoes against Cuba. After Castro took over the authority of the country he called for socialism, which angered the Americans. Further, following the swearing-in of Castro, Cuba experienced the Cuban Rebellion, which Cubans see as the cause of the crisis. The rebellion forced America to think of ways of ending the revolution and the calls for a socialist society; hence, America’s ideas of obliterating the rebellion caused the Cuban Crisis. Economic embargoes and institutions of seditious forces against Cuba, and the Bay of Pigs incursion demonstrated America’s intent to invade Cuba. This caused Castro means of defending Cuba; thus, he turned to the Soviet for help who were more than willing to help Cuba. In fact, Cubans were afraid of any direct incursion by America since they had witnessed the horrors committed in Dominican Republic and Vietnam. Leaders from Cuba believed that America reacted to the 1961 Bay of Pigs fiasco by organizing for much superior invasion of Cuba. Actually, the leaders believed that Americans were intent on overthrowing Cuba’s leadership with the help of America’s military forces. The Soviets shared Cuba’s sentiment; hence, offered to help with the installation of several missiles across Cuba. Cubans’ interpretation of America’s hostility led inescapably to the conclusion of an impending America invasion. This caused Castro means of defending Cuba; thus, he turned to the Soviet for help who were more than willing to help Cuba. In fact, Cubans were afraid of any direct incursion by America since they had witnessed the horrors committed in Dominican Republic and Vietnam. Leaders from Cuba believed that America reacted to the 1961 Bay of Pigs fiasco by organizing for much superior invasion of Cuba. Actually, the leaders believed that Americans were intent on overthrowing Cuba’s leadership with the help of America’s military forces. The Soviets shared Cuba’s sentiment; hence, offered to help with the installation of several missiles across Cuba. Cubans’ interpretation of America’s hostility led inescapably to the conclusion of an impending America invasion.            In 1962, Cuba was suspended from OAS (Organization of American States), which stimulated. Cuba’s reservations of an impending incursion. In June  1962,  however,  Kennedy concluded strategies to contain Cubas political separation by speaking to the forum of OAS symposium at Punta del Este, Uruguay.  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the proposals of America, the OAS affirmed Castros administration irreconcilable with the inter-American organization and, closing that Cuba should be debarred from the OAS, corresponded with America suggestions to enforce an arms ban. With hindsight, then, both America and Cub held each other responsible for their shared animosity and the twisting of trepidation and resentment leading Crisis. For Castro, this resentment was entrenched in his obligation to break Cubas reliance on America and make Cuba a socialist nation.  Ã‚  Castro was persuaded that American regalism had caused Cubas tribulations and that only the eradication of Cubas relia nce on America could overturn the tribulations.  Ã‚  In spite of untimely America’s endeavors to work with the Castro’s administration, Castro had no intent of joining forces America.  Ã‚  To a certain extent, Castro looked for any excuse to break the two countries’ ties. With hindsight, then, both America and Cub held each other responsible for their shared animosity and the twisting of trepidation and resentment leading Crisis. For Castro, this resentment was entrenched in his obligation to break Cubas reliance on America and make Cuba a socialist nation.  Ã‚  Castro was persuaded that American regalism had caused Cubas tribulations and that only the eradication of Cubas reliance on America could overturn the tribulations.  Ã‚  In spite of untimely America’s endeavors to work with the Castro’s administration, Castro had no intent of joining forces America.  Ã‚  To a certain extent, Castro looked for any excuse to break the two countries’ ties.               Cuba saw the suspension as a preparation tactic or diplomatic action taken prior to an invasion. Several reports of an impending invasion followed the action with Miro Cardona indicating that John Kennedy planned on invading Cuba. Following the reports, America threatened to extend its economic restrictions to countries that traded with Cuba. In fact, America tried hard to frustrate Cuba’s trade negotiations with countries such as Japan, Israel, Jordan, Iran, and Greece. Cuban leaders interpreted the America’s orchestrated activities as part of a well schemed strategy to destabilize and destroy Cuba. Furthermore, the Cubans saw the Operation Mongoose as an orchestrated plan meant to bring about a rebellion of the Cubans. America wanted a revolt that would overthrow Castro’s government. The operation was a vast strategy that included blowing up bridges, cutting communication, destruction of sugar mills, and oil facilities, and sabotage of m achines. The CIA and secret radio broadcasts infiltrated numerous teams to support guerrilla forces in Cuba. Cubans saw the guerrilla warfare as an integral strategy aimed at assassinating Castro. In fact, America did not want to replace Castro’s administration with Che Guevara, and they organized for a military invasion that would see major invasions after the death of Castro. Conversely, Cub believed that the exiles would not overthrow the government, a fact best demonstrated by Castro’s interview with Prada. Reports indicate that Cuba was aware of the operation Mongoose since Cuban agents penetrated the Mongoose team. Events preceding the operation and America’s impending invasion may have stimulated Cuba’s decision to accept Soviet’s missile operation. Furthermore, the Cubans saw the Operation Mongoose as an orchestrated plan meant to bring about a rebellion of the Cubans. America wanted a revolt that would overthrow Castro’s government. The operation was a vast strategy that included blowing up bridges, cutting communication, destruction of sugar mills, and oil facilities, and sabotage of machines. The CIA and secret radio broadcasts infiltrated numerous teams to support guerrilla forces in Cuba. Cubans saw the guerrilla warfare as an integral strategy aimed at assassinating Castro. In fact, America did not want to replace Castro’s administration with Che Guevara, and they organized for a military invasion that would see major invasions after the death of Castro. Conversely, Cub believed that the exiles would not overthrow the government, a fact best demonstrated by Castro’s interview with Prada. Reports indicate that Cuba was aware of the operation Mongoose since Cuban agents penetrated the Mongoose team. Eve nts preceding the operation and America’s impending invasion may have stimulated Cuba’s decision to accept Soviet’s missile operation. In fact, America did not want to replace Castro’s administration with Che Guevara, and they organized for a military invasion that would see major invasions after the death of Castro. Conversely, Cub believed that the exiles would not overthrow the government, a fact best demonstrated by Castro’s interview with Prada. Reports indicate that Cuba was aware of the operation Mongoose since Cuban agents penetrated the Mongoose team. Events preceding the operation and America’s impending invasion may have stimulated Cuba’s decision to accept Soviet’s missile operation.            Accordingly, the Kennedy’s government seemed to straighten out  on a strategy of pestering and ambassadorial segregation in order to restrain Castro and keep him uneven.  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aggravation incorporated the use of operations such as Operation Mongoose, and clandestine operations between Cuba and Florida, demolishing factories, and performing hit-and-run assaults alongside the Cuban coast. America formerly intended to storm the Bay of Pigs another time, but then, the humiliation the country underwent forced it forego the plans. America feared Cuba’s relationship with the Soviet. The operations and America’s harassment strategies point to the fact that America intended to wholly disintegrate Castro’s government. The crisis               President Kennedy, in his October 22nd report to the American people, he referred to the existence of standard and long-range ballistic  artillery  in  Cuba.  Prior to the address, the CIA had indicated the existence of two IRBM and four MRBM instigation sites in diverse stages of manufacture and structured into a minimum of three regiments.  Ã‚  Of these sites, two contingents of eight missile launcher each were supposed to be portable and structured to instigate the MRBMs while people believed the one contingent of eight permanent launchers to be designed for the IRBMs. This evaluation shows or clarifies the true threat that faced America at the time of the crisis. The missiles and rocket launchers showed Soviet’s intent to help Cuba fight off any invasion that America planned to carry out in an objective to end the Castro’s uprising. During the crisis, Cuba harbored about 42,000 Soviet military personnel. In addition, Cuba had about 270,000 armed people, which meant that America would have suffered enormous losses coming after the Vietnam War. An air assault would not have shattered all the missiles installed across Cuba, which meant America would have at the end of the assault forced to open war. This would have provided Cuba and the Soviet with a chance to crush America’s army. However, the war would have meant that Cuba suffer the greatest loss since the war was supposed to be in its soil. Besides, with Cuba and the Soviets prepared to battle to the very last man, a lengthy, prolonged war could well have been anticipated.  Ã‚  Accordingly, Castro,  faced with just an alternative to fight agreed  to  the  employment  of  missiles  in  Cuba. The missiles and rocket launchers showed Soviet’s intent to help Cuba fight off any invasion that America planned to carry out in an objective to end the Castro’s uprising. During the crisis, Cuba harbored about 42,000 Soviet military personnel. In addition, Cuba had about 270,000 armed people, which meant that America would have suffered enormous losses coming after the Vietnam War. An air assault would not have shattered all the missiles installed across Cuba, which meant America would have at the end of the assault forced to open war. This would have provided Cuba and the Soviet with a chance to crush America’s army. However, the war would have meant that Cuba suffer the greatest loss since the war was supposed to be in its soil. Besides, with Cuba and the Soviets prepared to battle to the very last man, a lengthy, prolonged war could well have been anticipated.  Ã‚  Accordingly, Castro,  faced with just an alternative to fight agreed  to  the  emplo yment  of  missiles  in  Cuba. The missiles and rocket launchers showed Soviet’s intent to help Cuba fight off any invasion that America planned to carry out in an objective to end the Castro’s uprising. During the crisis, Cuba harbored about 42,000 Soviet military personnel. In addition, Cuba had about 270,000 armed people, which meant that America would have suffered enormous losses coming after the Vietnam War. An air assault would not have shattered all the missiles installed across Cuba, which meant America would have at the end of the assault forced to open war. This would have provided Cuba and the Soviet with a chance to crush America’s army. However, the war would have meant that Cuba suffer the greatest loss since the war was supposed to be in its soil. Besides, with Cuba and the Soviets prepared to battle to the very last man, a lengthy, prolonged war could well have been anticipated.  Ã‚  Accordingly, Castro,  faced with just an alternative to fight agreed  to  the  emplo yment  of  missiles  in  Cuba. The missiles and rocket launchers showed Soviet’s intent to help Cuba fight off any invasion that America planned to carry out in an objective to end the Castro’s uprising. During the crisis, Cuba harbored about 42,000 Soviet military personnel. In addition, Cuba had about 270,000 armed people, which meant that America would have suffered enormous losses coming after the Vietnam War. An air assault would not have shattered all the missiles installed across Cuba, which meant America would have at the end of the assault forced to open war. This would have provided Cuba and the Soviet with a chance to crush America’s army. However, the war would have meant that Cuba suffer the greatest loss since the war was supposed to be in its soil. Besides, with Cuba and the Soviets prepared to battle to the very last man, a lengthy, prolonged war could well have been anticipated.  Ã‚  Accordingly, Castro,  faced with just an alternative to fight agreed  to  the  emplo yment  of  missiles  in  Cuba. This evaluation shows or clarifies the true threat that faced America at the time of the crisis. The missiles and rocket launchers showed Soviet’s intent to help Cuba fight off any invasion that America planned to carry out in an objective to end the Castro’s uprising. During the crisis, Cuba harbored about 42,000 Soviet military personnel. In addition, Cuba had about 270,000 armed people, which meant that America would have suffered enormous losses coming after the Vietnam War. An air assault would not have shattered all the missiles installed across Cuba, which meant America would have at the end of the assault forced to open war. This would have provided Cuba and the Soviet with a chance to crush America’s army. However, the war would have meant that Cuba suffer the greatest loss since the war was supposed to be in its soil. Besides, with Cuba and the Soviets prepared to battle to the very last man, a lengthy, prolonged war could well have been anticipated.  Ã‚  Accordingly, Castro,  faced with just an alternative to fight agreed  to  the  employment  of  missiles  in  Cuba. Cuba’s Involvement               Cuba was involved in the crisis as much as the Soviet and America were involved. In fact, some people point out that Cuba remained the main antagonist during the entire crisis since America wanted to invade it and the Soviet provided missiles to the country. In addition, since the crisis was tied to the invasion of the Bay of Pigs, Cubans understood that the invasion was between America and Cuba. The Soviet plans to support Cuba were always in ambiguity. On one hand, the Soviet claimed that its aim was to support Cuba from America while Cuba saw it as a support to its interests. The agreement between Cuba and the Soviet saw the Soviet place the missiles to support Cuba. However, the aim of the Soviet to resolve the issue remained ambiguous even to Cubans. The decision to remove the missiles after 13 days demonstrated Soviet’s unwillingness to support â€Å"Little Cuba† as it claimed. This shows that the animosity that existed between America and Cuba continued. Cubans, therefore, saw the Soviets help as more than support against America. In fact, the Soviet sought to repay America’s unkindness for surrounding the Soviet Confederation with missiles and military base. Since Cuba is strategically located near America, the Soviet saw the crisis as a major chance to demonstrate to America its happiness. Khrushchev also intended to use the missiles as bargaining whittles during the U.N. forums and to further its ideals during the Cold War. In this regards, Cuba understood its stand during the crisis, and after the Soviet agreed to America’s terms it was not left with any chance, but to resort to socialism calls. Castro understood all along that America was intent on invading Cuba no because of the crisis, but mainly because of the Cuban Rebellion.               Cubans understood their importance during the crisis; thus, Castro’s administration planned well throughout the crisis. The administration understood that the crisis emanated as a result of Cuba’s calls for socialism and not because of the missiles. In this regards, the government understood that even after agreeing to the terms of the deal between the Soviets and America, it remained free of both countries. However, the administration knew that the crisis still existed since the main issues surrounding the crisis were never resolved. In this regards, Cuba played the most significant role in the progress of the crisis and the conclusion of the crisis six years later. Although most people think that the crisis ended after 13 days, it continued with animosity between America and Cuba rising continually each day. Although Castro denied the claims that he instigated an appeal to place the missiles, he stated during a speech in 1963 that the installat ion of the missiles was a mutual accord between Cuba and the Soviet. However, data shows that Castro instigated a plan that would compel the Soviet to provide the missiles to Cuba. In fact, Castro influenced the activities and actions that led to the Soviets agreement to deploy the missiles to Cuba. The missiles provided Cuba to deter any America’s invasion and reduce the country’s reliance to America. By possessing the missiles, Castro knew that he would retaliate to any America’s oppression especially the oppression that Cuba had suffered for more than 200 years under the hands of America. The lack of any battle during the crisis helped deter any warfare that would have emerged. In addition, had America invaded Cuba, Cuba would have realized guerrilla warfare across the whole nation; thus, the withdrawal of the missiles may have offered a chance for the countries to remain at peace with each other. Conclusion            During the period of the Crisis, people believed that America had attained an enormous triumph. In addition, Cubans believed that there was no resolution in regards to the crisis; thus, they remained the main losers to the crisis. After the agreement between the Soviets and America, the Soviets removed the missiles from Cuba, which left Cuba with no support. This shows that Cuba was solitary in its endeavors during the crisis, and the crisis was nothing but America’s intent to crush socialism in Cuba.   Furthermore, the agreement between the Soviet and America forced Cuba to agree to the requisites of the deal; thus, Castros reputation inside Latin America suffered significantly. However, Cubans understood that America did not win during the crisis since Kennedy did not achieve his goal of overthrowing Castro. Although the Soviet removed the missiles, Castro remained the president. In fact, today, America enforces an economic embargo against Cuba, which sh ows that there was no resolution on the crisis. America still enforces a restriction on Cuba while Castro persists to be a nuisance to U.S aims in the Caribbean. Accordingly, even though Cuba does not enjoy Russia’s economic subventions and military aid, the struggle between America’s egalitarian principles and Castros socialism continues.  Ã‚  While America’s efforts concerning Cuba have realized little victory, it is noticeable that Castro still holds Cuba’s administration, and that communism and an intrinsic mistrust of America remains.               The crisis demonstrates the antagonism and repressions that existed between the three countries. Although people see the war as a supreme battle between America and the Soviet, Cuba’s involvement in the crisis demonstrates that the crisis was between America and Cuba with the help of the Soviet for some times. However, after the agreement to withdraw the missiles the crisis remained a contention between America and Cuba. Indeed, the countries did not resolve the crisis since the animosity between America and Cuba remains to date. Conclusively, the crisis offers a chance for historians to rethink the roles of the country during the crisis. References Chrisp, Peter.  The Cuban Missile Crisis. Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library, 2002. Haas, Mark L.. Prospect Theory And The Cuban Missile Crisis.  International Studies Quarterly  45, no. 2 (2001): 241-270. Immell, Myra.  The Cuban Missile Crisis. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Laffey, Mark, and Jutta Weldes. Decolonizing The Cuban Missile Crisis.International Studies Quarterly  52, no. 3 (2008): 555-577. Renshon, Jonathan. Mirroring Risk: The Cuban Missile Estimation.  Intelligence and National Security  24, no. 3 (2009): 315-338. Source document

The Concept and Debate of Transhumanism

The Concept and Debate of Transhumanism Faiza Hossain Introduction: As human beings, we are obsessed with progressing and improving ourselves. Whether it be physically or mentally, this idea of being better is apparent. [DS1]Transhumanism is an extreme form of improving oneself[DS2].   Whether it be being induced with artificial blood, or inserting a microchip into the brain, transhumanism is about making the ordinary, extraordinary! But, is it ethically right and beneficial to test on humans? Should we be messing around with the natural creation of our bodies? And can transhumanism be a danger to society? These major ethical questions will be answered in this research paper, where the core value of what a transhuman is, will be exposed[DS3]. Is transhumanism really beneficial and ethical for human beings? The definition of Transhumanism is the belief or theory that the human race can advance beyond its present physical and mental limitations, especially by the use of science and technology. We are living in generation, where technology is rapidly evolving and improving. This advancement of technology has benefited people, especially in the transhumanist area. This can be portrayed by the living example of Jesse Sullivan; who is titled as the worlds first Bionic Man1. Sullivan lost his arm in an accident however, The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, gave him the opportunity to replace his arms with robotic prosthetics. The procedure included connecting his nervous system to the robotic arm, allowing him to lift objects by the power of thought. This procedure proves that the marriage of technology and biological components is possible, and really is beneficial to mankind. An arm cant be grown, but technology has given individuals a second chance and an opportunity to have a better quality of life. Another way in which machinery has positively changed a persons life is the story of a stroke patient who trialled the BrainGate2 System. A brain-computer interface used a 4mm-wide chip1, which was implanted in the brain. The significance of this chip was the ability to read signals from neurons which were in charge of motion controlling (e.g., the movement of muscles) and interpret the signals, using a computer, into the physical movement of, such as, a robotic arm and hand. After five years, the chip is still fully working, and the patient is able to carry out daily tasks, which we take granted for, such as raising a cup of coffee to her mouth. This astonishing piece of technology has also given this patient a better quality of life, and furthermore, proves that the study of transhumanism is vital, to help those who need it. Although a robotic arm may be perceived as artificial, and unnatural, technology is allowing people to be happier, even after a traumatic event. The future of transhumanism includes the invention of artificial blood, which improves your stamina. Having a microchip inside your brain, which allows you to communicate telepathically, and being able to become smarter, passively, by storing information into this chip. The possibilities to the way the study of transhumanism can benefit us, is endless. Is human testing, justifiable? When it comes to the study of transhumanism, a controversial question always arises; should scientist be allowed to test on human subjects? This concern is portrayed by numerous people (such as religious followers), and what some people claim, is holding scientists and technology back, from rapidly progressing[DS4].   Research involving human subjects is not intrinsically ethically dubious. Human testing does have ethical concerns, however, these concerns can be met and eased out. There is a huge importance for human testing as it will create a huge improvement in the quality of lives and number of lives saved through such research 3, and this can be seen from earlier examples of patients receiving robotic arms. Human testing is vital for the progression of the future. When conducting experiments on human test subjects, it is essential that the experiment is carried out ethically. This includes asking the participants permission, fully explaining what the procedure will be, making necessary medical check-ups, and making sure he/she will be safe. Furthermore, external judgement is used to measure the safety of the experiment, and in this case, the Research ethics committees (RECs) are widely used to assess and review trial designs.4 The importance of these committees is to overview, and evaluate the practices the researcher will conduct on the participant. The committee include both professional and lay perspectives as to whether the research is ethically acceptable. This portrays that a lot of extensive background checks are carried out, and the safety of the participant is a priority[DS5]. PRECAUTIONARY VS PROACTIVE RESEARCH Scientists, especially those in the transhumanism field, are aware of the cautionary and proactive research. We should not reject the products of applied science; neither should we implement powerful new technologies without foresight and proactive preparation.   (www.extropy.org)5. Being a proactive researcher, is about taking risks, but doing it for the benefit of making progress in technology. Relying on the evidence from past experiments, and written text books, will not help transhumanism evolve into what it can be fully capable of. Making the robotic arms, was a proactive choice made by scientists, and now, people are reeking the benefits from this. Imagine, what more we can unveil, if scientists keep making this proactive choice. An alternative response for research is known as the precautionary principle. The precautionary principle, proposed as a new guideline in environmental decision making6, has four main mechanisms: taking actions to prevent any uncertainties; shifting the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity; finding lots of alternative routes to possibly harmful actions, and getting more public participation in decision making before and during research. The precautionary principle highlights this tight, challenging linkage between science and policy.6 Although precautionary research is much safer for the participant, the problem with the unwillingness to take risks, means progress is made slower in the technology field. This slows down our advancement for a better future and means people who need these revolutionary machinery in their day to day life (such as robotic legs and arms), have to wait longer[DS6]. THE NEGATIVES ABOUT TRANSHUMANISM       The main problem with the idea of transhumanism that many face, is if technology is being exploited for our selfish desires? The idea of wanting to live longer, or be smarter   and stronger, are selfish desires that people want to achieve, and some perceive as unnatural. As all living things are mortal, the study of transhumanism, is fascinating; a topic in transhumanism includes finding ways to cheat death. Being immortal sounds amazing, but is it realistic? If everyone in this world was immortal, then there will be over population7, food shortages, increased global warming and negative climate change. Furthermore, due to overpopulation, there may be a rapid spread of disease, water may run out and fossil fuel will be used up a lot quicker. The world we live in, cannot provide for the immortal. Transhumanist are optimist that through their technological findings, they can help third world countries such as India, by -skipping industrialization and go straight into late capitalist, post- industrial societies (Munkittrick). However, from the extremely high pollution levels seen by third world countries such as India and Brazil, this transition is not at smooth, and if anything, is more damaging to the earth. The concept of skipping industrialization, for these third world countries, seems very unrealistic, and nothing but a utopian view. One last negative attitude towards transhumanism, is that it will create a segregation between societies. It is evident, that when technology that can make you smarter or live longer is achieved, the privileged few will be able to have accesses to these traits, which will create and further distance between people; based on their wealth. Although transhumanism will allow us to benefit traits which will benefit us in the future, it is also possible that there will be more inequality between people and also, earth is not equipped to allow living space for immortal living species. MY METHODOLOGY My report is solely based off secondary research. I have been able to carry out secondary research by reading and actively unpicking online journals and articles (based on transhumanism), visit official which profession transhumanist have written papers and pieces based on this topic. Furthermore, the use of critiquing text was used, and looking at real life examples of cyborgs was evident. As my research only consisted of secondary data, this meant that a research budget was not necessary, as I [DS7]was not required to do any primary research. TRANSHUMANISMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A BETTER FUTURE? In conclusion, clearly the study of transhumanism has benefited people in this century. Technology is rapidly evolving and it is fitting the needs of people, whether that be the likes of a robotic arm. Transhumanism is breaking the boundary of people with disabilities, and in this context, closing the inequality gap that many disabled people feel[DS8]. However, if this research is mistreated, many people will get severely hurt, and it can totally flip, and instead, creates a larger inequality between people[DS9]. The future of transhumanism is looking bright, and with technology progressing this far, cures for diseases can be found much quicker, and ground breaking technology, can be used to help third world countries. It is the optimism of the people and scientist, which is needed, if we are to make the future a better place. I truly believe there is a place for transhumanism and cyborgs in the future, but it is up to us to be open minded for this change. REFERENCES[DS10] JESSE SULLIVAN Lanxon, Nate. Practical Transhumanism: Five Living Cyborgs. WIRED UK. N.p., 2016. Web. 6 Sept. 2016. Transhumanist Values. Nickbostrom.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 6 Sept. 2016. Theconversation.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. Gorski, David. Theconversation.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. 5. Transhumanisms Extropy Institute Transhumanism For A Better Future. Extropy.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. 6. D Kriebel, M Stoto. The Precautionary Principle In Environmental Science.. Environmental Health Perspectives 109.9 (2001): 871. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. 7. The Problems With Transhumanism. Psychology Today. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2016. [DS1]This is very bold statement. In the future, try to find any research that can support this claim. [DS2]This another example where you should use a reference to support the statement. [DS3]A lot of assumption were made in this paragraph. It will be a good practise in the future to the use a reference to support what you are saying. [DS4]Reference? [DS5]Good demonstration of ethical understanding, but the referencing format used was not Harvard referencing. [DS6]Good points laid out in this section. [DS7]Avoiding writing academic report in first person, always write them in third person. [DS8]The context of this statement is not clear. [DS9]Which research, in what way will it flip, and what source do you have to support this statement? [DS10]The format used is not Harvard referencing.

Difference Between Greek and Roman Warfare :: essays research papers

THE SPANISH AND DUTCH INFLUENCE ON WARFARE AT THE BATTLE OF BRIETENFELD   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Spanish way of waging war with the new gunpowder weapons involved the use of pikemen. The pikemen were formed in with the harquebus as a means of protecting the shooters in between reloads. The Spaniards used a tactical unit of 3,000 men called a tercio, which was a combination of pikemen and harquebus. The Dutchman, Marice of Nassau, developed a training method that enabled the shooters to maintain a barrage of fire on the battlefield.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dutch method of training and drills was adopted by Gustavus Adolphus and employed at the Battle of Brietenfeld against the German Catholics. The Swedish commander was able to decrease his formation down to six ranks that would be able to maintain a string of fire without having to have any protection from pikemen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Swedish commander was also able to increase the firing speed of his artillery and had within his arsenal 24, 12, and 3 pound weapons. The commander trained his men to charge at the enemy instead of waiting to be picked off in skirmishes in front of the enemies formation. Gustavus Adolphus also put a new twist on the countermarch method, which was normally used as a defensive tactic, but was now employed as an offensive tactic. The offensive method was the same as the defensive method with one major exception. Once a line moved passed the line that was stopped and then stopped ahead of that line, then the line would move forward instead of going in the reverse direction.

Christopher Columbus Essay -- History Columbus

Christopher Columbus is credited as the audacious voyager who challenged modern thinking and found the land now known as the Americas. Columbus not only discovered new lands, but also opened trade with native peoples and brought substantial wealth and glory to the major European powers. In addition his ventures not only enabled the spread of the gospel to pagan peoples, but also set the stage for the emergence of the United States of America. Without Christopher Columbus the United States would not have been a separate state for over 500 years or more or not at all. However, despite all that Columbus did, people still fail to recognize the journey he undertook before Columbus set off in his first ship. The public is still unable to comprehend, despite years of education, the internal and external struggle and the ridicule Columbus was forced to go through for just believing in what he thought was correct. His courage in the face of ridicule is what really makes Columbus a national he ro in that age as well as in this era. Christopher Columbus’ acts of perseverance, his moral courage, and his adventurous spirit continue to inspire the people of today. Through this intercourse, Christopher Columbus’ work has not ended, for it is continuous as it persists to imbue the people of today with the ability to succeed in the face of an unknown future. (Philips 13) Christopher Columbus’ perseverance and persistence have long been a part of the philosophy of modern thinking. Columbus displayed high acts of persistence as he rode the waves of uncertainty to the land of success. When Columbus sought audience with King of Portugal in 1485, he was humiliatingly denied funding for his proposed idea to sail west to get to India. If, Columbus had g... ... the various values that Columbus passed on to us. Works Cited 123Holiday. "Christopher Columbus Biography." Columbus Day. Microsoft Encarta, 23 May 2003. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Cohen, J.M. (1969) The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others. London UK: Penguin Classics. Davidson, Miles H. (1997) Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined, Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press. Khurana, Simran. "Quotations: Hope." Quotes Quotations. 2001. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Phillips, W. D. and C. R. Phillips (1992) The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

My Room :: Descriptive Essay Examples, narrative

My Room A secluded island with warm sandy beaches, a sunset over high cropped mountains, or the beauty and serenity of silence in a magnificent forest. A special place could as extravagant as those or as simple as your favorite cozy chair. They reach out with much more than picturesque or comfort qualities. Some of our dearest memories happen to us in these places. Maybe it is because of the comfort we find there, the connections we have that make us feel a certain way, or is it because they add to our identities. They become a vital part of who we are. We could not function properly if that place were to suddenly disappear. You are definitely more likely to go out and do something that you enjoy because you will get more out of it. We need to have happy places and joyous thoughts. Without either of them, I believe, that the world would fall apart. Everyone would become so overly stressed out that the world would be full of more violence than there is now. My room is meaningful to me because it was not always my room. It was my sisters first. Lisa is now married and pregnant. I remember all of the times that I spent in her room. How we used to play cards and watch movies on the weekends. All of our traditions. The Advent and Christmas season is when we had our most special traditions. Every Christmas Eve we would watch "It's a Wonderful Life" and "Meet me in St. Louis" before we would go to midnight mass. She would always ask me if I had a room of my own. Of course I always told her no. A few times she would try to throw me out, but it never worked. Although I annoyed her sometimes she was the one person that I could tell anything too. She listened intently to all of my stupid questions and would try her hardest to answer them. We always stuck together when trouble surfaced. I would comfort her when she had boy trouble and she made sure that I was okay when our grandparents died so closely together. I guess I love my room more now sinc e I have all of these wonderful memories in it. Boy if those walls could talk. I really miss her and the times that we shared.

AussieBum Reflection Essay

AussieBum is an Australian male underwear and swimwear brand. The company is based in Sydney’s inner-west and has become one of Australia’s most sought after brands. Originally just a hobby for company founder Sean Ashby, AussieBum started in the corner of his living room. As time progressed and his brand became popular, operations moved out of his living room and expanded into a company warehouse. After being shunned by Australian retailers, the company moved online. Once word got out about the Australian surf-cultured underwear, the rest of the world became interested. AussieBum’s prime function is selling men’s underwear and swimwear to a target market of young men aged between 16 and 39. At this stage, AussieBum would be in the maturity stage of the Business Life Cycle because it has already expanded and grown to be a large company. At this stage it is focused on the selling of its products before renewing it’s brand. AussieBum have hit the mark with their marketing and brand strategy, which allows them to mature for longer. The company has a goal to turn over more than $20 million dollars in a year. AussieBum also wants to see more people wearing their products. AussieBum has a partnership as its ownership form. This is the best structure as it allows the company to be guided by two people rather than dictated by one. It also leaves the two leaders answerable to each other so that there is no misguided activities or ideas that are not regulated or thought through well enough. A major challenge was faced during the initial stages of the company. They were shunned by Australian retailers, which gave them no opportunity to launch their brand in stores. They reciprocated their downfall into success by launching a website which has enabled them to become a global company. The e-business approach was a positive move for AussieBum. Consumers purchase AussieBum’s products online from anywhere in the world, easily allowing the company to go global. Originally the e-business model as adapted so that the company could get their brand in the public eye without having a retailer carry it. AussieBum’s marketing strategy has been simple, but unique. There have been no television or radio advertisements; instead there have been several online campaigns to promote the company. In relation to the four P’s, they have always let their product do the marketing work. By having their products on show in the public eye, it has made the public aware of the brand. The prices are not as expensive as exclusive brands, but carry the same level of design and quality, making it an affordable alternative. By having their product in the right place, the product is promoting itself. The promotion of the business is mainly done in the online world. Photo-shoots are done with attractive, well-built Australian models in Australian environments e.g. Bondi Beach and used on their websites and other internet sites like Facebook and other social networks. I believe that AussieBum’s marketing strategy has been extremely successful. Their strategy proves the power of the consumer. They strategy has made their product highly desirable and sought after across the world. The increasingly higher popularity of the internet over the years would have helped their strategy to be successful. Sean Ashby can be considered an entrepreneur as he demonstrates qualities that are essential to their success. By being resilient and using initiative, Sean was able to re-group after being rejected by Australian retailers and use his initiative to start an online portal for his brand, eliminating the need for a retail outlet. He has also had the determination to be able to keep working on his company to bring it to the success levels that it is experiencing. I would suggest that the company attempt to move their brand into elusive Australian department stores e.g. Myer and David Jones to boost their profit. From reading the AussieBum article, I have learned to think outside the box and not to ‘stick to the status quo’. Sean Ashby has proved that there are more ways to make a retail brand successful than just selling it in stores. He also proved that there better ways to connect with the consumer than just advertising. AussieBum Mission Statement: AussieBum aims to bring a burst of energy and uniqueness to your underwear. We spice up what’s underneath. AussieBum will make you feel confident and proud to show what’s hiding. We want you to be excited about AussieBum shopping, and get excited to wear AussieBum.

Project Management and Enterprise Information Architecture Essay

Enterprise architecture provides a framework for the business to add new applications, infrastructure, and systems for managing the lifecycle and the value of the current and future environments. Enterprise architecture provides the alignment across business strategy, IT strategy, and IT implementation. Enterprise architecture links the enterprise business strategy to its IT investments by ensuring a tight integration between the Business, Application, Information, and Infrastructure architecture layers. Each of these areas describes integrated sets of blocks should be selected so that the enterprise can achieve its overall business objectives. They also need to be made available so that projects can use them in the design, development and deployment of IT-base business systems. Enterprise Strategy Layer For most institutions, strategic planning and the efficient execution of related IT projects are hampered by lack of enterprise-wide views of the current business and IT landscape and it is difficult to establish a flexible, adaptable, and business-driven IT strategy. Therefore, this layer predominately describes an enterprise strategy concerning product portfolio and appropriate customer segments, appropriate delivery and distribution channels in the given market environment, competitors and core competencies, and capabilities of the company. Business Layer Developing an Enterprise Architecture involves providing the process and integrated tools to capture the as-is state of the organization—the business and IT ecosystem—and the desired, to-be state. Enterprise Architecture facilitates the creation of enterprise blueprints that show how business processes are now and how they can be implemented, exploiting the full range of capability of underlying IT architectural building blocks. Application Layer The proliferation of applications, systems and the platforms and their interdependencies make the process of adding and enhancing IT capabilities a risky proposition for the business unless there is an Enterprise Architecture Strategy. The Applications Layer supports the business and describes the required business functions in the underlying IT application systems. Information layer Information is the fuel that drives business artifacts; their flow generates value to the user. To transform raw data into meaningful information that provides additional insight and value to the business is one of the key objectives of the Enterprise Architecture. Infrastructure layer  The infrastructure layer consists of the network, server and storage infrastructure supporting higher-level functions such as applications, databases or e-mail servers. Due to cost pressure, business stakeholders demand more flexibility and agility also from this layer leading to higher degrees of virtualization and systems consuming less energy, reducing electricity costs. To summarize, Enterprise Architecture gives the business and IT stakeholders the big-picture perspective across business processes, information systems and technologies. Applying Enterprise architecture improves the predictability and consistency of project outcomes across the portfolio. Consistently repeatable and thus predictable project success is of utmost importance to achieve an orderly change required for driving effective and lasting transformations such as SOA initiatives while managing associated, inherent risks. Conceptual Approach to EAI Reference Architecture Information architecture The information architecture helps develop the information-centric, echnically compatible systems by providing a consistent approach to information technology across a Line of Business (LOB) or a larger organization. The information architecture provides the foundational information-relevant concepts and frameworks for dealing in a consistent and integrated manner with the technology to guarantee the responsiveness and trusted information insight that the business requires from its Information Layer. The information Architecture identifies the information centric components of an organization’s IT environment and defines its relationship to the organization’s objectives. The information architecture also describes the principles and guidelines that enable consistent implementation of information technology solutions, how data and information are both governed and shared across the enterprise, and what needs to be done to gain business-relevant trusted information insight. Following are some examples of the core principles that guide an Information Architecture. * Access and exchange of information- Information services should provide unconstrained access to the right users at the right time. * Service re-use- Facilitate discovery, selection and re-use of services and whenever possible encourage the use of uniform interfaces. * Information governance- Adequate information technology should support the efficient execution of an Information Governance Strategy. Standards- A set of coherent standards for data and technology should be defined to promote simplifications across the Information Infrastructure. Enterprise Information Architecture The Enterprise Information Architecture is the framework that defines the information-centric principles, architecture models, standards, and processes that form the basis of making information technology decisions across the enterprise. The EIA translates the business requirements into informational strategies and defines what data components are needed by whom and when in the information supply chain. Furthermore, it addresses the need of the business to generate and maintain trusted information that is delivered by relevant data components. So why do we distinguish between an Information Architecture and an Enterprise Information Architecture? The enterprise in the definition adds the enterprise-wide business context to the definition of Information Architecture. The challenges faces by most organizations, from government to public enterprises, depend upon consistent decision making across multiple business units, departments, and individual projects. The EIA is a core component of the required framework for effective decision making by defining the guiding principles that dictate the organizations strategy to address business needs and the information centric technology infrastructure that supports them. The EIA defines the technical capabilities and processes the organization needs to manage data and information over its lifetime, optimize content-based operational and compliance processes, establish, govern and deliver trusted information, and optimize business performance. By aligning business needs with the technology and the information flows in the supply chain, EIA delivers flexibility agility and responsiveness to the business process and the organization as a whole. The primary goal of the EIA is to reduce complexity and thereby contribute to the elimination of all the factors that act as the inhibitors to change and address new business paradigms. Primary characteristics that can be used to distinguish a well-defined EIA implementation include the following: Gaining transparency- The information remains independent from application specifications, application implementations, and user interfaces. It provides a transparency layer between the information and application domains. * Considering enterprise business requirements- The architecture takes into account the overall information needs of the enterprise and specific LOBs or individual organizations. * Avoiding inconsistencies. It helps identify inconsistencies, conflicts, overlaps, and gaps in the data and information, and offers a concept, framework and methods to resolve this, and it is useful to select adequate solutions. Managing Service Level Agreements (SLA): It provides mechanisms for the definition and management of information-centric SLAs which can be monitored and enforced. * Enable decision making- The architecture enables more consistent and efficient IT decision making that is linked to business needs. It does this because it is both flexible and extensible. * Addressing reusability aspects. Enforcing and EIA means that information assets are shared and reused, avoiding data multiplication and thus reducing development, service, and support costs. * Addressing data scope.  The information Reference Model used by the enterprise describes the scope of the used data information supported by the EIA. * Defining a technology strategy. It establishes the framework upon which strategies adopted by the enterprise depend. In addition, it defines the set of principles that guide how an organization’s information systems and technology infrastructure are engineered. Reference Architecture The reference architecture provides a proven template for architecture for a particular domain or area of application that contains the supporting artifacts to enable their use. The Reference Architecture incorporates best practices resulting from work on a particular field and it also provides a common vocabulary to enable a common understanding while facilitating discussions around implementations. A reference architecture encapsulates at an abstract level the results and best practices derived from multiple deployments of solutions to a given business problem. They enable the logical sequence of tasks required to build a complete system. Reference Architectures provide a common format that facilitates the design and deployment of solutions repeatedly in a consistent manner. This, they are a valuable tool for IT Architects to help identify and assess gaps and reduce risks in the solution deployment cycle. Based on the requirements in a given area of an application, there are certain components shared between systems in the same area. The Reference Architecture identifies these components and indicates how they interconnect. The following are some key Reference Architecture characteristics. * Major foundational components or building blocks- They help to describe an end-to-end architecture solution. Common language- It simplifies communication when talking about systems of a given type. * Framework- The Reference Architecture is a framework for scope identification, roadmap definition, risk assessment, and gap assessment. * Foundation. It is a proven foundation for all solution designs in a domain (e. g. e-business solutions) The Reference Architecture leverages ideas from successful past implementations and lessons learned from troubled or failed projects and concentrates on simplifications, reuse, and usability, avoiding the complex details of the specific technology. It has the potential to evolve over time, meaning that after it has been constructed it requires maintenance with harvesting of best practices from projects as they are completed, including changes or additions to the Reference Architecture to handle situations that were not addressed. Within the wider solution architecture and deployment scope, there are significant advantages to using Reference Architectures. Following are few examples.